Neuro-Cranio-Vertebral Syndrome
Last update: 20/05/2022, Dr. Miguel B. Royo Salvador, Medical Board number 10389. Neurosurgeon y Neurologist. Neuro-Cranio-Vertebral Syndrome (NCV.S) is defined as the set of clinical manifestations, symptoms and signs that affect the entire nervous system, including the brain, brainstem, spinal cord, skull and spine. These manifestations are a result of abnormal traction of the spinal […]
The Filum Disease
Last update: 17/06/2020, Dr. Miguel B. Royo Salvador, Medical Board number 10389. Neurosurgeon y Neurologist. The Filum Disease is defined as the congenital form of the Neuro-Cranio-Vertebral Syndrome. It consists of an abnormal traction exerted by a seemingly normal filum terminale on the entire central nervous system, due to an asynchronous growth between the spine […]
Filum Terminale
Last update: 21/10/2019, Dr. Miguel B. Royo Salvador, Medical Board number 10389. Neurosurgeon y Neurologist. In this section, we want to briefly introduce the normal anatomy of the central nervous system and therewith that of the ligament that can have so many consequences for our patients’ health. The objective is to provide them with […]
Arnold-Chiari I Syndrome
Last update: 07/05/2025, Dr. Miguel B. Royo Salvador, Medical Board number 10389. Neurosurgeon y Neurologist. Definition The Arnold-Chiari Syndrome Type I consists in the herniation of the lower part of the brain – the cerebellar tonsils – and of the lower part of the cerebellum through the foramen magnum towards the spinal canal, without other […]
Syringomyelia
Last update: 29/01/2019, Dr. Miguel B. Royo Salvador, Medical Board number 10389. Neurosurgeon y Neurologist. Definition Idiopathic Syringomyelia is defined by the presence of an intramedullary cyst filled with clear fluid, within the spinal cord. Symptoms of generalized deterioration of the spinal cord (predominantly related to thermal sensitivity) are characteristic. Figure 1.- Image showing […]
Scoliosis
Last update: 24/01/2019, Dr. Miguel B. Royo Salvador, Medical Board number 10389. Neurosurgeon and Neurologist. Definition Idiopathic scoliosis (I.SCO) consists of a lateral deviation of the spine due to an unknown cause. It is more frequent in females and is mostly observed in the age of growth. Fig. 5.- Magnetic Nuclear Resonance (MRI) with […]
Basilar Invagination
Last update: 31/05/2019, Dr. Miguel B. Royo Salvador, Medical Board number 10389. Neurosurgeon y Neurologist. Definition Basilar Invagination, or Basilar Impression, is the most frequent cervico-occipital junction malformation, therefore more often associated to neurological disorders of the cervicobulbar region. It consists in the invagination of the foramen magnum’s bone contour into the posterior cranial […]
Platybasia
Last Update: 02/05/2019, Dr. Miguel B. Royo Salvador, Medical Board number 10389. Neurosurgeon y Neurologist. Definition Platybasia (PTB) is known as the skull bone anomaly consisting of the flattening of the base of the skull. It results in the opening of the basal angle of Boogard. The normal value of this angle ranges between […]
Odontoid Retroflexion
Last update: 09/03/2023, Dr. Miguel B. Royo Salvador, Medical Board number 10389. Neurosurgeon y Neurologist. Definition Odontoid Retroflexion (OR) is a malformation of the upper portion of the cervical spine consisting of a backward tilting of the odontoid process, displacing and compressing the adjacent nerve structures. It consists of an invagination of the tip of […]
Brainstem Kinking or Angulation
Last update: 23/05/2022, Dr. Miguel B. Royo Salvador, Medical Board number 10389. Neurosurgeon y Neurologist. Definition Brainstem Kinking (BSK) or Brainstem Angulation consists in a forward projected angle of the brainstem, formed between the pons and the spinal cord. These structures (pons and medulla) tend to form an angle at the bulbomedullary level. A discrete […]